Low Cost Airlines Strategy Essay Example

Low Cost Airlines Strategy Essay Situation It’s a chilly winter evening in Bangalore and Vijay Mallya looks out of the window with a Kingfisher Beer pint in his hand. He looks out at the reddish horizon and contemplates the future of his airlines The Kingfisher Airlines. He has recently bought the first low cost carrier in India, Air Deccan. With the sale of Air Deccan, the industry has seen a correction of sorts, in terms of the cost of travel. With increasing oil rates and the turmoil that the airlines’ industry is currently in, Mallya needs to come up with a strategy to make best of the low cost carrier. He also needs to pull out the airlines of the losses it has been making since the past few years. Objective The objective is to study the current scenario in the Airlines Industry in India and to analyse the possible strategies that Kingfisher Airlines can adopt to increase the market share of Kingfisher Red to be the market leader in the low cost airlines segment. Company Background: Kingfisher Red, known formerly as  Simpli-fly Deccan  and prior to that as  Air Deccan, is a  low-cost airline  run by  Kingfisher Airlines. It is headquartered in Mumbai,  India. Formerly known as Air Deccan, the airline was previously operated by  Deccan Aviation. It was started by Captain  G. R. Gopinath. Less than expected growth in the Indian aviation sector coupled with overcrowding and the resultant severe competition between airlines resulted in almost all the Indian carriers, including Air Deccan, running into heavy losses. After initially trying to get in fresh capital for running the airline, Captain Gopinath eventually succumbed to pressures for consolidation. On 19 December 2007, it was announced that Air Deccan would merge with Kingfisher Airlines. We will write a custom essay sample on Low Cost Airlines Strategy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Low Cost Airlines Strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Low Cost Airlines Strategy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Since Indian aviation regulations prohibited domestic airlines from flying on international routes until they had operated in the domestic market for five years, it was decided to instead merge Kingfisher Airlines into Deccan Aviation, following which Deccan Aviation would be renamed Kingfisher Airlines. In its present avatar as Kingfisher Red, the airline faces stiff competition from SpiceJet, IndiGo Airlines, Jet Lite and GoAir. Kingfisher Airlines posted a net loss of Rs 1,608. 82 crore for fiscal 2009. Airlines Industry in India Indian aviation industry ranks 4th in the world after USA, China, and Japan in terms of domestic passenger volume, with a domestic passenger base of 43. 29 million. The Indian aviation industry is among one of the fastest growing industries. The number of scheduled passenger airline operator has grown to 15 and the number of aircraft in their fleet has risen to more than 400. India now has 82 operational airports against 50 in 2000. International flights have increased to 706 flights per week. Due to enhanced opportunities for international connectivity, 69 foreign airlines from 49 countries are flying into India. The governments open sky policy has lead to many overseas players entering the market and the industry has been growing both in terms of players and number of aircrafts. With the liberalization of the Indian aviation sector, the aviation industry in India has under gone a rapid transformation. From being primarily a government-owned industry, the Indian aviation industry is now dominated by privately owned full-service airlines and low-cost carriers. Private airlines account for around 80-85 per cent share of the domestic aviation market. Earlier, air travel was a privilege only a few could afford, but today air travel has become much cheaper and can be afforded by a large number of people. According to Director General of Civil Aviation(DGCA) passenger data, passenger carried by domestic airline operators have grown to 33. 9 million during January-August 2010 as against 28. 4 million over the same period a year ago. The share of private airlines constitutes around 82% of the sector of domestic aviation market. Jet Airways along with its budget arm Jet Lite captures the highest 27% market share. Kingfisher airlines ranks second with 20% market share. NACIL (National Aviation Company Limited) which, was formed in 2007 with the merger of two national carriers Air India and Indian Airlines, captures 18. 3% share. The airline with the largest fleet in the domestic market is Air India, but its market share of the number of passengers is low, and therefore results in a low fleet hare to passenger share ratio of 0. 62. Kingfisher leads the full service carrier segment with a fleet to market share ratio of 0. 95, but this also includes figures from their low cost Kingfisher Red service. Passenger market share leader Jet Airways is at 0. 82 and this includes their low fare service Jet Konnect. For a better comparison between Jet and Kingfisher, if we add-up the numbers of Jets other low fare subsidiary JetLite, the total group ratio of Jet at 0. 865 still remains well behind Kingfishers 0. 95, suggesting a far more aggressive fleet utilisation strategy by Kingfisher. Expectedly, the low fare carrier side shows much higher ratios, due to their higher usage of aircraft and also the higher number of seats offered per flight due to an all-economy configuration. The laggard is JetLite with a ratio of 1 while SpiceJet and IndiGo are neck and neck at 1. 75 and 1. 76. However, GoAir, has an industry leading, fleet to passenger share ratio of 2. 04. Clearly the airline has shaken off the demons of the past and is aggressive in their fleet utilisation. The civil aviation sector witnessed a slowdown in passenger traffic during 2008 due to a sharp rise in fuel prices coupled with global economic slowdown. Situation started improving in the second half of 2009. In 2009-10, the passenger traffic increased to 123. 73 million passengers from 108. 88 million in 2008-09. For the first time, in 2009 -10 the passenger traffic crossed 120 million mark and has recorded 123. 73 million (34. 37 million international and 89. 36 million domestic passengers) passengers. Passenger traffic (million) Source : AAI Traffic News June 2010 According to Director General of Civil Aviation passenger data, passenger carried by domestic airline operators have grown to 33. 9 million during January-August 2010 as against 28. 4 million over the same period a year ago. Recent Trend According to Airport Authority of India (AAI), the total aircraft movement increased by 3. 3% from 329. 84 thousand to 340. 9 thousand during Apr-Jun 2010 as compared to Apr- Jun 2009. The international aircraft movements have shown an increase of 7. 1% during Apr-Jun 2010. The higher growth in traffic has witnessed in Kolkata, Trivandrum, Amritsar and Delhi airport due to increase in frequency by the existing airlines. The civil aviation traffic with respect to passenger and aircraft movements is growing from past few years. The total passenger traffic handled during Apr-Jun 2010 raised by 20% to 35. 29 million from 29. 35 million over the same period previous year. During the first six months of 2010, world passenger traffic increased by 5. % with international traffic increased by 6. 7% and domestic passenger traffic increased by 5. 3%. The highest passenger traffic growth has reported in the Asia Pacific region. Demand Drivers Air traffic in the country has grown substantially over the past few years with a boom in the tourism industry as well as the introduction of low-cost airlines. The air transportation helps growth of interior regions which in turn helps industry / business sector to produce products at lower costs enabling competitiveness in the global market. India is one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Its share in the international trade and tourism is increasing gradually. Increase in income level (especially disposable income) along with introduction of low cost airlines has made air travelling affordable for the middle-class people. This results in growing demand for new airports in India. The Marketing Triangle One can better understand the workings of airlines by looking at its marketing triangle. There are three entities in the entire transaction: * Customer: He is the person who wishes to satisfy his need i. e. of transportation from one destination to another. Company: This is both the dreamer and the offerer. It is the various airlines, which offer its aviation services to satisfy the customers demand for transportation from one destination to another. For e. g. : The Indian airlines * Provider: these are finally the people who interact with the customers. They are the ones who carry out the final transaction. The customers actually come in contact with the service provid er and not the company. For e. g. : The Airhostess and the crew. The interaction between these three parties while providing the service takes place in the following manner: The Company is established with the basic objective of providing the specific transport service. Thus the airline industry with players like Indian airlines, jet airways, Sahara airways etc came into being. * The air service provider that is the company communicates with the customer and makes him aware of the services. It makes promises to the customer through advertising through various media. For e. g. : the TV ad of Indian airlines advertising its new sleep in seats. * The customer who gathers knowledge about the service approaches the company for availing his service in order to satisfy his need. This interface of the customer with the company is through the customer’s interaction with the providers of the company. The company enables its promises to the customers through setting up facilities to deliver the promises that is by setting up ticket and enquiry counters. The outcome of the â€Å"to be transaction† is determined by the interaction between the provider and the customer. Hence the company aims at offering its providers with the required infrastructure and training to optimize the quality of the transaction. For eg: Yearly employee training programs and performance appraisals done by Sahara airlines. The three strategic points where the provider and the customer interact are: * Ticket purchase at the airline counter or the ticket agency. * Checking in. * During boarding. * During disembarkation Kingfisher Airlines * Kingfisher Airlines  is an airline group based in  India. Its head office is Kingfisher House in  Vile Parle (East),  Mumbai. Kingfisher Airlines, through its parent company  United Breweries Group, has a 50% stake in  low-cost carrier  Kingfisher Red. Kingfisher Airlines is one of six airlines in the world to have a 5-star rating from  Skytrax, along with  Asiana Airlines,  Cathay Pacific,  Malaysia Airlines,  Qatar Airways  and  Singapore Airlines. Kingfisher operates more than 375 daily flights to 71 destinations, with regional and long-haul international services. In May 2009, Kingfisher Airlines carried more than a million passengers, giving i t the highest market share among airlines in India. * Kingfisher Airlines is also the sponsor of F1 racing outfit,  Force India, in which  Vijay Mallya  also owns a stake. Kingfisher Airlines was established in 2003. It is owned by the  Bangalore  based  United Breweries Group. The airline started commercial operations in 9 May 2005 with a fleet of four new  Airbus A320-200s  operating a flight from  Mumbai  to  Delhi. It started its international operations on 3 September 2008 by connecting  Bangalore  with  London. * On 7 June 2010 Kingfisher became a member elect of the  Oneworld  airline alliance  when it signed a formal membership agreement. A firm date to join the alliance will be announced once the implementation process is underway; it possibly may take 18 to 24 months. Kingfisher Red * Kingfisher Red, known formerly as  Simplifly Deccan  and prior to that as  Air Deccan, is a low-cost brand run by  Kingfisher Airlines. It is headqua rtered in Mumbai,  India. * Formerly known as Air Deccan, the airline was previously operated by  Deccan Aviation. It was started by Captain  G. R. Gopinath  and its first flight took off on 23 August 2003 from  Hyderabad  to  Vijaywada. It was known popularly as the common mans airline, with is logo showing two palms joined together to signify a bird flying. The tagline of the airline was Simpli-fly, signifying that it was now possible for the common man to fly. The dream of Captain Gopinath was to enable every Indian to fly at least once in his lifetime. † Air Deccan was the first airline in India to fly to second tier cities like Hubballi, Mangalore, Madurai and Visakhapatnam from metropolitan areas  like Bangalore and  Chennai. * On 25 January 2006, Deccan went public by filing a  red herring prospectus  with the  Securities and Exchange Board of India. Deccan planned to offload 25 percent of its stake in the  initial public offering (IPO) that opened on 18 May. However, due to the  stock market  downturn at that time, Air Deccans IPO barely managed to scrape through, even after extending the issue closing date and reducing the price band. * Less than expected growth in the Indian aviation sector coupled with overcrowding and the resultant severe competition between airlines resulted in almost all the Indian carriers, including Air Deccan, running into heavy losses. After initially trying to get in fresh capital for running the airline, Captain Gopinath eventually succumbed to pressures for consolidation. On 19 December 2007, it was announced that Air Deccan would merge with Kingfisher Airlines. Since Indian aviation regulations prohibited domestic airlines from flying on international routes until they had operated in the domestic market for five years, it was decided to instead merge Kingfisher Airlines into Deccan Aviation, following which Deccan Aviation would be renamed Kingfisher Airlines. This was because Air Deccan was the older of the two airlines, and therefore would be the first to qualify for flying on international routes. The merger became effective April 2008, with  Vijay Mallya  becoming the  Chairman  and  CEO  of the new company, while G. R. Gopinath became its  Vice-Chairman. competitors * SPICEJET * SpiceJet, Indias leading low cost airline, is a reincarnation of  ModiLuft. It is promoted by Ajay Singh and the Kansagra family. SpiceJet marked its entry in the Indian skies with  Rs. 99 fares for the first 99 days, with 9,000 seats available at this rate. * This deal was followed it up with a  Rs. 999 promotional scheme on select routes. Their marketing theme was offering low everyday spicy fares and great guest services to price conscious travellers†. Their aim is to compete with the  Indian Railways  passengers travelling in air conditioned coaches. Today, Spicejet operates 21 Boeing 737-800/900ER aircraft across 19 destinations and has a 12% share of the Indian market. * INDIGO * IndiGo Air  or  IndiGo Airlines  sports the deep colour of IndiGo as its signature colour. It is a privately owned low-cost domestic airline based in Gurgaon with Indira Gandhi International Airport as its main base. IndiGo Airlines started operations on 4th August 2006 and is owned by InterGlobe Enterprises and Mr. Rakesh Gangwal. This airline is amongst the best, offering professional services, economical prices with great deals and discounted airfares. It operates to all the major cities of India. IndiGo air tickets can be booked online and the services provided are user friendly while at the same time, extremely comprehensive. IndiGo Airline provides what no other airline can. * JET LITE * JetLite, formerly  Air Sahara, is an  airline  based in  Mumbai,  India  owned by  Jet Airways, the airline operates scheduled services connecting metropolitan centres in India, it operates 110 flights daily. The airline also provides helicopters which are available for charter services and aerial photography. * The airline was established on 20 September 1991 and began operations on 3 December 1993 with two  Boeing 737-200  aircraft as  Sahara Airlines. Initially services were primarily concentrated in the northern sectors of India, keeping Delhi as its base, and then operations were extended to cover all the country. Sahara Airlines was rebranded as  Air Sahara  on 2 October 2000, although Sahara Airlines remains the carriers registered name. On 22 March 2004 it became an international carrier with the start of flights from  Chennai  to  Colombo. It is part of the major  Sahara India Pariwar  business conglomerate. The uncertainty over the airlines fate has caused its share of the domestic Indian air transport market go down from approximately 11% in January 2006 to a reported 8. % in April. * Jet Airways  announced its first takeover attempt on 19 January 2006, offering US$500 million (2000  crore  rupees) in cash for the airline. [4]  Market reaction to the deal was mixed, with many analysts suggesting that Jet Airways was paying too much for Air Sahara. The Indian Civil Aviation Ministry gave approval in pr inciple, but the deal was eventually called off over disagreements over price and the appointment of Jet chairman  Naresh Goyal  to the Air Sahara board. Following the failure of the deal, the companies filed lawsuits seeking damages from each other. A second, eventually successful attempt was made on 12 April 2007 with Jet Airways agreeing to pay  Rs. 1,450 crore ($340  million). The deal gave Jet a combined domestic market share of about 32%. * On 16 April Jet Airways announced that Air Sahara will be renamed as JetLite. The takeover was officially completed on 20 April, when Jet Airways paid  Rs. 400 crore. * Jetlite has been repositioned as a value carrier offering attractive low fares. It stopped offering complimentary food on board and now offers it for purchase separately. Jet Airways has withdrawn from many of its routes and has replaced it with Jetlite operations to compete with full service carriers operating on those sectors. Market Share Reference:  Directorate General of Civil Aviation Load Factor Trend Reference:  Directorate General of Civil Aviation Cancellation Data Reference:  Directorate General of Civil Aviation Airline Industry- Life Cycle From the mid-1990s to the beginning of the new millennium, the aviation industry faced one of the biggest booms in its history. Worldwide increases in GDP, riding on the wave of the new economy, and a greater demand for travel resulting from globalization stimulated the airlines to healthy growth of around 4-6 percent per year. At the beginning of 2000, economic slowdown brought an end to the growth phase, and the terrorist attacks of 11 Sep 2001 and the SARS virus in 2003 exacerbated the situation. There has always been a fundamentally precarious balance within the industry profit generation and loss. One of the biggest exceptions to this rule occurred during the 1990’s, when the global economic upturn boosted travel demand. Furthermore the major airlines gained from the new economy in terms of computer technology progress, which enables new business processes such as ‘network management’ or ‘yield management’, e-commerce and e-services to be supported. Quantitative analyses permitted the improvement of demand forecasting and the optimization of seats supplied in the network. Nevertheless, during these years, a group of airlines, knows as low-cost carriers, were able to generate profits and positive growth by generating a cost advantage, no frills, and a point to point network business model, in contrast to the traditional hub and spoke national flag carriers. Nowadays, the LCC business model is quite popular and is advocated as an alternative, or sometimes as a complement, for the traditional airline business model, which, on the contrary, aims to cover all market segments and city-pairs. Airline’s is a typical industry where the net margins are very low. This could be attributed mainly due to the high fuel costs, Govt. Taxes and force from people to get the cheapest travel. So if we look at the below figure we understand there is a continuous crest and trough’s in the industry life cycle. Every time the industry goes down in margins the major players try to renew it with various offerings. In the last quarter of 2000, the fundamentally precarious balance between revenue and cost turned negative. The crisis initially started as demand slowdown followed by the cost impact of overcapacity from the supply side. Different from the situation for airlines during the Iraq war in 1991, some other additional factors turned the crisis into a perfect storm for global aviation: 1) The crisis of 2000 started at the time of a positive peak just before an economic downturn 2) The terrorist attacks of September 11 generated fear of air travel and constituted an exogenous demand shock. ) The 2003 Iraq war, together with the SARS epidemic, caused a second exogenous demand shock. 4) The full-service carriers were making few business innovations compared with the network and yield management practices developed in the 1990s The low cost business model was developed in the early 1970’s in the US but it was after more than 2 decades that it came to India. It was initially perceived a regional phenomenon, limited to a niche market which was willing to pay only less and connecting secondary city-pairs. The competitive pressure associated with the evolution of low cost models affected the traditional airlines models. Their reactions was to tend to adopt cost cutting strategies as they were driven to adopt some of the characteristics of the low-cost airlines in an attempt to survive. Challenges faced by Aviation Industry The growth in the aviation sector and capacity expansion by carriers have posed challenges to aviation industry on several fronts. These include shortage of workers and professionals, safety concerns, declining returns and the lack of accompanying capacity and infrastructure. Moreover, stiff competition and rising fuel costs are also negatively impacting the industry. 1. Employee shortage: There is clearly a shortage of trained and skilled manpower in the aviation sector as a consequence of which there is cut-throat competition for employees which, in turn, is driving wages to unsustainable levels. Moreover, the industry is unable to retain talented employees. 2. Regional connectivity: One of the biggest challenges facing the aviation sector in India is to be able to provide regional connectivity. What is hampering the growth of regional connectivity is the lack of airports. 3. Rising fuel prices: As fuel prices have climbed, the inverse relationship between fuel prices and airline stock prices has been demonstrated. Moreover, the rising fuel prices have led to increase in the air fares. 4. Declining yields: LCCs and other entrants together now command a market share of around 46%. Legacy carriers are being forced to match LCC fares, during a time of escalating costs. Increasing growth prospects have attracted amp; are likely to attract more players, which will lead to more competition. All this has resulted in lower returns for all operators. 5. Gaps in infrastructure: Airport and air traffic control (ATC) infrastructure is inadequate to support growth. While a start has been made to upgrade the infrastructure, the results will be visible only after 2 3 years. 6. Trunk routes: It is also a matter of concern that the trunk routes, at present, are not fully exploited. One of the reasons for inability to realize the full potential of the trunk routes is the lack of genuine competition. The entry of new players would ensure that air fares are brought to realistic levels, as it will lead to better cost and revenue management, increased productivity and better services. This in turn would stimulate demand and lead to growth. 7. High input costs: Apart from the above-mentioned factors, the input costs are also high. Some of the reasons for high input costs are: Withholding tax on interest repayments on foreign currency loans for aircraft acquisition. Increasing manpower costs due to shortage of technical personnel. . Seasonal Business: Airline is an industry that’s seasonal, having peak season during april may, holidays etc. But the trend in slightly shifting as the number of people has been increasing. 9. Exogenous events can suddenly affect demand- As said earlier in the life cycle, any exogenous events could have a huge negative impact in occupancy rate. In the near future, Kingfisher Red may have to face significant challenges such as: * Realigning their com petitive strategies to become profitable. More Players entering the Low cost carrier segment. * Pursuing aggressive cost reduction. * Constraints due to poor infrastructure for aviation in India. EMERGENCE OF LOW-COST AIRLINES IN INDIA For the first 15 years of deregulation the demand for scheduled passenger air transportation was driven by the constraints and confines of its providers principally, the network carriers. Network carriers were able to avoid cost-side pressures by focusing on revenue side strategies – largely centered on the high yield business traveller. The focus led to innovations like sophisticated global distribution system, revenue management, and frequent flyer programs that helped the airlines segment demand. You are – or we were – the linchpin in that strategy, as business and other time–sensitive travellers accounted for only 20% of the airline traffic, but for 80% of network airline. This strategy worked because the business traveller grew accustomed to paying high fares and often did not have an attractive alternative to the high fare, and also because the airlines enjoyed a greater ability to control the number of seats available to discretionary travellers. In short, in the post-regulation world travellers – particularly business traveller – did have the greater option than before, but, even with the impact of the occasional low-fare carrier, they were often at the mercy of major carriers when it came to price. In effect, demand for passenger service was driven, even controlled, by the supply that network carriers were willing to deploy in the market. The above reasons and the price transparency that the internet has created for all types of passengers have led to the emergence of a new breed of low-cost carriers. These developments have seriously compromised the ability of legacy carriers to charge higher prices to travellers on the routes where they overlap with the low-cost carriers. At the end of 2000 the demand for the business class and other high-end products fell dramatically, as the corporate travel managers became more cost-conscious. Customers continue to fall into segments with regard to demand for products on offer. Not every airline will be able to satisfy every customer but the entrance of low cost airlines has pushed customer segmentation. There is a sharper focus for the shorter routes and the target is the price conscious and quality conscious customer. This has led to stiffer competition for the non–business passenger and price conscious business passenger. Low Cost Carriers The entry of these low cost carriers has several far reaching implications on the aviation sector in India. Now low cost airlines have proliferated and offer real, lasting competition to their network rivals. This generation of low cost carriers has newer fleets, a better on-time performance and completion factors than the first wave of post-deregulation start-ups. The fare transparency delivered by the internet and the expansion of low cost carriers has increased the price-sensitivity even of business passenger. The demand for more affordable air travel is quite robust. Increasing numbers of business travellers use low fare airlines as a matter of corporate travel policy whichever country they have been launched in. It has to a very large extent influenced the mass transportation and domestic tourism. Typical low-cost carrier business model practices include: 1. A single passenger class 2. A single type of airplane (commonly the Airbus A320 or Boeing 737), reducing training and servicing costs). 3. A simple fare scheme (typically fares increase as the plane fills up, which rewards early reservations) 4. Unreserved seating (encouraging passengers to board early and quickly) 5. Flying to cheaper, less congested secondary airports and flying early in the morning or late in the evening to avoid air traffic delays and take advantage of lower landing fees 6. Short flights and fast turnaround times (allowing maximum utilization of aircraft) 7. Simplified routes, emphasizing point-to-point transit instead of transfers at hubs(again enhancing aircraft utilization and eliminating disruption due to delayed passengers or luggage missing connecting flights) 8. Emphasis on direct sales of tickets, especially over the Internet (avoiding fees and commissions paid to travel agents and Computer Reservations Systems) 9. Encouraged use and issuance of the electronic ticket 10. Employees working in multiple roles, for instance flight attendants also cleaning the aircraft or working as gate agents (limiting personnel costs) 11. Free in-flight catering and other complimentary services are eliminated, and replaced by optional paid-for in-flight food and drink (which represent an additional profit source for the airline). 12. Aggressive fuel hedging programs. 13. Unbundling of ancillary charges (showing airport fees, taxes as separate charges rather than as part of the advertised fare) to make the headline fare appear  lower. Strategies o f LCC: Cost advantage: Low cost airlines provide air service at costs 25-50% lower than a full service airline. The cost structure of a full service Indian airline is given in the figure below: An Illustration of the Cost structure of Full Service Airlines as a % of Operating Expense: (Source: ICRA report, Civil Aviation, April 2005) Breakdown of Cost savings (Source: www. indiastats. com) The cost advantage of the low cost carrier is a result of savings on various factors given below: Full service airlines provide their passenger with many attendant services like hot meals, frequent flyer programmes, spacious legroom etc. While low cost carriers do not provide frills like hot meals and frequent flyer programmes and work with the minimum number of air hostesses on the flight. Removing business class, storage space for the meals and limited seat pitch (maximum inclination of the seat) makes space for additional seats which can increase the seat capacity of the plane by 20%. Low cost carrier aircrafts take less time to leave the airport after landing which increases their flight time by 20-25% as compare to the full service carrier aircrafts. These airlines do not issue tickets to passengers to save costs on printing, mailing and processing tickets. Passengers are issued a booking number, which they quote at airport check-in, and present their photograph to collect their boarding pass. They also save on distribution costs by disinter mediating travel agents and central reservation systems and selling through internet and call centre. They also try to minimize capital costs and costs of the crew and hangerage. In Europe and the U. S. low cost airlines avoid flying into the mainland airports and save on high parking and landing fees. India has very few secondary airports, because of which the airport charges constitute a sizeable portion of the cost structure that could be reduced considerably. The LCC Phenomenon in India Southwest Airlines, now a major carrier in the U. S. , operating local routes in Texas in the 1970s pioneered the low cost carrier business model. In India, the model was introduced in 2003 by Air Deccan. However, the same descriptive label masks the significant differences in ways the model has worked in India vs. U. S. First, in terms of market share, LCCs accounted for almost 30% of all domestic passengers carried in 2006. As of November 2006, it rose to 35%. This rate of market penetration of LCCs is remarkable given that the market share was zero in August 2003. Low cost carrier operations account for 44% of all flights within India compared to 19% in the U. S.. The second significant difference has to do with the relationship between low cost and low fare. In U. S. , the LCCs offering low fares are also truly low cost operations. In India, the airlines that offer low fares are in reality not low cost operations. They are LCCs only in name. Among the LCCs in India, Spice Jet has the lowest unit cost at 6. cents per ASK, which is comparable with Southwest, Easy Jet, and Jet Blue. But this is more than twice that of the best performer, Air Asia with unit cost of slightly over 3 cents per ASK.. This flies in the face of what LCCs outside India like Ryanair have done when th

Reasons for US intervention in Syria

Reasons for US intervention in Syria Why does the United States feel the need to intervene in the current Syrian unrest? On November 22, 2017, Russian president Vladimir Putin unveiled plans for a Syrian peace congress, intended to finally end the six-year civil war inside Syria. To get to this point, Putin conducted talks with Turkish President Recep Erdogan  and Iranian President Hassan Rouhani, after conferring with Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. Although Putin did speak about the proposed actions with Saudi Arabias King Salman, Israels Benjamin Netanyahu, and US President Donald Trump, neither the United States nor Saudi Arabia has a role in this as-yet-unscheduled congress. It remains to be seen whether the Syrian opposition will. Civil War in Syria The conflict in Syria is along sectarian lines, with the majority Sunni party backed by the United States, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey, and the Shia Alawite party led by Assad backed by Iran and Russia. Extremist Islamist forces have also entered the fray, including the Lebanese Shia Islamist movement Hezbollah and the Islamic State. Arguably, the main reason the civil war in Syria has lasted as long as it has is that of intervention by external powers, including Iran, Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States. Perhaps as many as half a million people have been killed during the conflict- estimates vary widely. At least five million refugees have fled Syria to neighboring countries of Lebanon, Jordan, and Turkey. Russias armed intervention in 2015 and the military defeat of the Islamic state in Syria has led to the near-collapse of Assads opposition. US President Trump canceled the CIA program that supplied the rebels in July of 2017. Why Did the US Want to Intervene? The main reason for US intervention in Syria was the apparent use of chemical weapons by Assad outside the Syrian capital Damascus on August 21, 2013. The US has blamed the Syrian government forces for the deaths of hundreds of civilians in the attack, an accusation vehemently denied by Syria. A second chemical attack apparently took place on April 4, 2017, in Khan Sheikhoun, where 80 people died and hundreds suffered symptoms consistent with being exposed to nerve gas. In retaliation, US President Trump ordered an attack on a Syrian airfield where military sources suspected that the nerve gas had been launched. The use of chemical weapons is banned by international conventions, although the Syrian government is not a signatory. But in 2013, it was the prospect of appearing irrelevant that spurred then US President Obama into action, after two years of seeing US influence in the Middle East slowly erode with the changes brought about by the Arab Spring. Why is Syria Important? The US had other reasons to play a role in the Syrian crisis. Syria is one of the pivotal countries in the Middle East. It borders Turkey and Israel, has a close relationship with Iran and Russia, plays an influential role in Lebanon, and has a history of rivalry with Iraq. Syria is a key link in the alliance between Iran and the Lebanese Shiite movement of Hezbollah Lebanon. Syria has been at odds with US policies in the region practically since its independence in 1946 and has fought several wars with Israel, America’s top regional ally. Weakening Assad Weakening the Syrian regime has been a long-standing goal of successive US administrations down the years, with multiple layers of sanctions in place against the regime in Damascus.   But, a push for regime change would require a massive invasion using ground troops, an unthinkable option given the war-weary US public. Plus, many policymakers in Washington warned that a victory for Islamist elements among the Syrian rebels would be equally dangerous for US interests. It was also unlikely that a limited bombing campaign lasting a few days would really impair Assad’s ability to use chemical weapons again. The US would most likely have had to target a wide range of Syrian military facilities to significantly degrade Assad’s fighting capacity, sending a clear message that more damage could be inflicted at a later stage. Containing Iran, Reassuring Allies Much of what the US does in the Middle East has to do with its antagonistic relationship with Iran. The Shiite Islamist regime in Tehran is Syria’s chief regional backer, and Assad’s victory in the fight against the opposition would be a major triumph for Iran and its allies in Iraq and Lebanon. This, in turn, is unpalatable not only for Israel but also for the Gulf Arab monarchies headed by Saudi Arabia. Assad’s Arab foes would not forgive the US for handing Iran another victory (after invading Iraq, only to enable an Iran-friendly government comes to power). Trump Administration Policy Although it is currently unclear what the proposed peace congress will accomplish, US President Trump has signaled that he will maintain a US troop presence in northern Syria, the strongest remaining bastion of the Syrian opposition. Given the situation as it is today, it is far less likely today that the US goal of regime change in Syria will happen. Given Trumps relationship with Putin, it is also unclear what the current US goal is in the region.   Cold War Between Iran and Saudi Arabia Sources: Anonymous. 2017. Syria war: US launches missile strikes in response to chemical attack. BBC News. 7 April 2017Anonymous. 2017 Russia, Iran and Turkey agree to hold Syrian congress. Al-Jazeera. 22 November 201DeYoung K and Sly L. 2017. U.S. moves toward open-ended presence in Syria after Islamic State is routed. The Washington Post, 22 November 2017.Sanger DE, Schmitt E, and Hubbard B. 2017. Trump ends covert aid to Syrian rebels trying to topple Assad. The New York Times. 19 July 2017. Wintour P. 2017. Putin brings Iran and Turkey together in bold Syria peace plan. The Guardian. 22 November 2017.

Approved and Listed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Approved and Listed - Essay Example If you are listed, it could mean you are permitted, therefore there is an agreement and acceptance, and so, there is an approval. A list is also a plan that is approved. It is necessary for approved item to be listed and kept for future references, in the same manner that listed items, must be set aside for future consideration. In contrast, approved things may be listed, but a list of things may not be approved. In other words, you can make a list of terms that may be approved but you may not approve of a list that is not acceptable. A listed plan may or may not be agreed upon or considered. The approval of certain lists depends on its content. There are listed items that cannot be approved or accepted. But there are approved items that need to be listed for further confirmation. Moreover, the term approved and listed may mean the same in some aspects, and contradict each other in one or two instances.

Different Speaking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Different Speaking - Essay Example English language is viewed as the simplest subject which is based on experience and personal judgment. Perhaps, according to the character his skills in this language where never referred to as poor but he never performed best. Compared to maths and sciences, he always scored A’s in these subjects unlike in the English subject where he used to score B’s. Although math’s has only one specific answer while English answers are based on personal judgment and experience he still scored highest in maths. Consequently,Eliza Doolittle who comes from a poor back ground and who has a flower shop has a bad Englishdue to the cultural influence has to be helped by Henry to improve her language to become good. He is told how to improve her pronunciation to become more fluent in order to be able to communicate with different kinds of people. It is of great importance for Eliza to be told how to pronounce to English well so as to be serving different kind of peoples regardless o f their neither origin nor back ground. Henry has an inner motive or rather it can be called personal intentions while teaching Eliza how to pronounce well because he wants to marry her. It can be seen as early preparation because henry also does the act of teaching Eliza English because it is viewed as for the high class people. Concurringly; different ways of identity is intertwined in that how different people speak and the ways in which a person feels of their own tongues.The view that language is a symbol that brings those people who speak it together is clearly explained in the example given by Amy tan’s. Further the play defined home languages as those which are spoken back at home by families when they are together. Because of the persistence practice and speaking of English, the character has lost most of the traditional influence. After 250 years of colonization, the Spanish that is being spoken is different. The practice of adjusting vowels into single syllable and other times shift the stress into certain words is commonly practiced. Consequently, the biblical of a child hood is also clearly explained. During the early days of school the main character was the only black person; his other colloquies where white. He bring into the mind of the readers the scenario which one faces as a child when introduced to school when they were used to spending most of their time with parents and families. Eliza at the first time felt out of place as most of the attention was drown to him sarcastically by even the nuns who controlled the school. Though he come for a fair background, his parents had the ambitions and faith in whatever little thy got to run the family affairs.Elizalived in a world that composed of many different languages. His life style never changed at any given time. Outside their house was the public society and when he came back to the house was the private society. He used to interact with her friends outside the house how specked diffe rent language but when he return into the house, his mother and dad will always talk their mother-tongue which made it be called private society (Moragaand Gloria). Eliza argues that biblical supporter of today explains that those who did not get the opportunity to be taught by their family language missed a great deal. He explains that most of the time their family gather at night to practice what was referred to as their English. They could try to define different terms, pronounce them and even they would play with strange English sounds.

Call For Further Research To Enhance Organizational Behavior Theory Essay

Call For Further Research To Enhance Organizational Behavior Theory - Essay Example Nowadays, the organization is the principal form of employment for people around the world, and under scrutiny from all quarters. The twenty first century began with a great deal of excitement especially as the innovatory technologies of the twentieth century started to appear commonplace and every organization had already been supplied with tools through academic research to deal with additional massive organizational changes in the offing. The discipline of organizational behavior had been through its trials and tests, finally emerging as an indispensable area of learning for all twenty first century managers to have gone through. Arthur P. Brief and Howard M. Weiss (2002) describe this relatively new field of applied psychology thus: Organizations act as the engine of the world economy in our day. So, for the first time in the previous century, the psychology of workers in an organization became a focal issue in studying organizations. Employee development, organizational citizenship, organizational attachment, work attitudes, job design, turnover, leadership, absenteeism, and employee work motivation turned out to be the centers of attention with advances in psychological theory and changes in the workplace (Mowday and Sutton 1993). Developments in the understanding of personality, emotion, and cognition, and their influence on work choices and goal striving were thoroughly investigated. The entire human resources departments world over were revolutionized at the same time as economic, technological and organizational changes encouraged further research on the influence of sociocultural and environmental factors on motivation. The emergence of new theories, paradigms, and organizational concerns not only provid ed a rich matrix for the study of organizational behavior, but also provided firms with a rather attractive framework for organizational behavior modification, and in general, the art of running a firm with reference to its people (Kanfer 2006). By the end of the twentieth century it was evident that we have a borderless, international economy (Hodgetts 1999). Organizations with multinational structures could more conveniently apply the standards described in organizational behavior theory and achieve well for themselves and their communities. An organization with international outreach meant that there were many other organizations in the same boat facing the world economy as the primary source of inspiration. Applying latest international research in organizational behavior was definitely easier and more lucrative for them, just as the use of latest developments in computer technology was made mandatory in these organizations before others.Organizational behavior experts in the twentieth century did not need to give attention to tremendous transformations about to affect the world economy beginning in the twenty first century. There was no way for them to predict the effects

Analysis Of A Book By Ray Bradbury

Analysis Of A Book By Ray Bradbury Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury, is a novel which invokes much thought about the way we live in society today. Through the protagonist, Guy Montag, Bradbury makes a wider point about the dangers that a divided society can present. In the novel, Bradbury creates a society in which all books and free thought are forbidden. It is clear to us that books are seen to be the source of all unhappiness and should therefore be prohibited. As a fireman, it is Montags job, not to put out fires, as is the case in todays society but instead to create fires in order to dispose of all unwanted books. This creates an idea of dystopia by the government trying to please everyone by using censorship to limit peoples independence and free thinking. As the novel progresses we see Montag move through a series of vital changes, seeing him transform from a mindless drone, happy to do whatever anyone tells him to, into a free-thinking member of society, forming a resistance against a government set to destroy all free thought. In order to determine the effectiveness of Bradburys portrayal of the changes in Montag, it is necessary to examine the points in the novel which are, in my opinion, the most significant in Montags transformation. At the start of the novel, we are introduced to the protagonist, Guy Montag, who is characterised by Bradbury as a Fireman with no purpose in life. Montag is one of the destructive forces in society who destroys books and also independence. Montag seems to take happiness in what he does and he seems to have no purpose in life apart from burning books. Montag seems completely content with his position in life, with no want to alter himself as a person and happy with what he does for society. Throughout the novel, Bradbury describes the fire as beautiful. His hands were the hands of some great conductor playing all the symphonies of blazing and burning Bradbury is using the motif of Montags hands to show us that Montag sees fire,his creation, to be a thing of great beauty, in the same sense that a conductor sees the music as a work of art. Montag sees himself as an artist creating a thing of pure magnificence in the fire. Bradbury further stresses Montags opinion of fire by using a key metaphor. He strode in a swarm of fireflies In using this metaphor, Bradbury creates the image of the fragments of past books being fireflies. Fireflies are creatures that bring light to darkness. This acts as an effective link to Montags view of fire as a thing of beauty. Fireflies also possess a certain aura of magic and mystery creating an almost serene beauty. To Montag, things that are alight become beautiful and so the sparks of the fire are seen as beautiful. This helps to emphasise the satisfaction Montag takes in his work. The following stages of the novel reveal an unusual feeling. At this point we are introduced to Clarisse, an innocent teenage girl with a boundless curiosity who does not follow the trend and who acts as a catalyst, speeding up Montags change. The world that she lives in has not ruined her and therefore she seems to possess a sense of purity. She seems to be at the opposite end of the spectrum to Montag. The world Montag lives in has transformed him into an incurious human being with no notion to question anything. His lack of independence only seems to add to this characterisation by Bradbury. Clarisse plays an essential part in Montags change. She plants a seed of realisation in Montags mind, speeding up what would only have been a very gradual process. She asks him questions that are meant to make him think on a deeper level, something that he is unaccustomed to. Are you happy Montag is taken-aback by this question and reacts by saying Yeah Sure. However, as I mentioned before, this question was meant to make him think on a deeper, more personal level. What Clarisse is in actual fact asking Montag is whether his life is fulfilled and has a purpose or a meaning. The events that follow this conversation between the two reveal to us that Montag is not in fact happy. The suicide of a book lover is used by Bradbury to bring to light Montags curiosity surrounding the world of books. The book lover refuses to be separated from her way of life and her culture. She feels that she would rather die than leave her culture behind. We shall this day light a candle as I trust shall never be put out This statement is intended to promote a revolution. By adopting the role of a martyr, the book lover dying for that which she believes in, ultimately in the hope that others will follow and a revolution shall be sparked. Bradbury is alluding to the 16th century witch trials at this point in the novel. This allusion is relevant as those thought to have been witches were burnt. They died in unity with their love of their crafts. Those who burnt them did so in an attempt to discourage further acts. This is relevant to the book lover as she was burnt for her love of reading, something that they were trying very hard to discourage. The ownership of books has been made illegal by the government in this novel as has free thinking behaviour. Bradburys allusion to the witch trials at this stage reflects back to a period in our history in which we too criminalised people who, in our eyes, seemed different. His mention of such a horrific example of injustice merely makes stronger the idea of the sheer scale of the persecution that this book lover and many others face. As Montag is burning the books which he has been sent to destroy, the reader is given an insight into the nature of his act. A book alighted, almost obediently, like a white pigeon, in his hands, wings fluttering Bradburys use of the idea of Montags hands acting for themselves charts the different stages in Montags transformation. At first, his hands are used to create things of beauty, whereas at this stage they seem to possess a life of their own, seemingly reaching out for books sub-consciously. This clearly reveals his curiosity for books that his outer self doesnt wish him to read. When Montag meets Faber, further change begins to occur. Faber is an old man whose passion for books has been extinguished. In his opinion, it is those who did not speak up against the movement of book burning who are to blame for the current situation. If he had acted when the change was occurring, he believes that , as before, others would have followed his act up by doing the same. Faber encourages Montags individuality and reveals to him the fact that he must learn to think for himself and not let himself be ruled by anyone else. It is his intention to show Montag that the answer is not always obvious and that he must always be acting on his own ideas. Remember Caesar, thou art mortal Bradbury makes this intertextual reference to Julius Caesar to illustrate Fabers warning against Montags overconfidence. Caesar was a Roman emperor and tyrant who put himself above his country in the same way as the government does in this novel. This comparison between the government and Caesar strongly shows how Bradbury feels about the governments actions. In this novel, the idea of censorship is used to convey how through restriction of free-thought, whole societies can implode. At this point in the novel, Montag seems not to be fully changed and therefore he begins to take on Fabers personality as well as his own. Say Yes' His mouth moved like Fabers Yes Bradbury clearly reveals that Montag is not capable of fully acting for himself. Montag finds himself at a moral crossroads; following Faber or following Beatty (his captain). By following Beatty, he would continue to pursue the ignorance is bliss approach. It would be an easy life to follow Beatty but his life would never be properly fulfilled and he would have no sense of individuality or purpose. If he chooses to unite with Faber and pursue a common goal, the dream of a fulfilled life, then he would become one of a similarly directed minority, fighting against the majority for what they believe in. After choosing to unite with Faber, Montag burns his own house while Beatty watches. By doing this, he seems to be burning away a part of his life that he wants to forget. In his view, the house represents this period of his life that he does not want to be part of any more. By burning it all, it is made clear to the reader that he has moved on with his life. The sheer ferocity with which he acts illustrates that he wants to burn everything, right down to the minutest thing that reminds him of his previous self. Bradburys language in this stage in the novel is similar to that at the start of the novel. However, here Bradbury is illustrating that Montag has changed. His pleasure is now drawn from burning those items that he hates the most. Once again it was a pleasure to burn Here, Bradbury is telling us that Montag is again taking pleasure from burning things but, rather than being the mindless drone that he was at the start of the novel, he takes this pleasure as is he realises that burning the things that he hates the most, he can burn away his life preceeding this and start a new life. Bradburys use of symbolism to represent the river merely emphasises Montags change. As Montag passes through the water we are led to believe that he is being baptised, being reborn and separated from his past life. Montag has a sudden realisation that time is always passing and that the sun will always rise and set. This brings him to the conclusion that life is limited and that if he burns things, this combines with the suns burning to destroy everything good in life leaving only a shell behind. He was not empty. There was more than enough here to fill him. There would always be more than enough At this point Montags change is illustrated. He was previously empty and yet now his curiosity of the world around him and the world of books has filled him with a constant flow of thought, enough to fill him for an eternity. Upon leaving the river he realises the promise of a fulfilled life. This commits Montag to finding that which makes him truly happy. He meets Grainger, a fellow outcast, who is part of a group of men who memorise books in order to read extracts to the others in time of need. You are the book of Ecclesiastes Montag has memorised the Book of Ecclesiastes before it is burnt and therefore becomes the book, ready to be called upon whenever he is needed. This gives his life a meaning and purpose showing that he has finally found his own self-importance. In the closing stages of Fahrenheit 451, Bradbury compares society to the phoenix, a bird that can be reborn from its own ashes. Montag is also similar to the phoenix in this way as he has risen from the depths of his own destruction. Society does likewise as it creates wars which destroy things, but out of the ashes it rebuilds itself. Human society can be superior to the phoenix as it can learn from its mistakes and avoid destruction. In this novel, society seems to be so badly damaged that ironically the only way that it can rebuild itself is to be destroyed. By doing this Bradbury tells us that if we learn from our mistakes before it is too late, there need be no more destruction. To conclude, Montag is successfully portrayed by Bradbury through his clever use of imagery, symbolism and characterisaton. Bradbury refers to fire to convey Montags initial feelings toward it in the opening stages of the novel. This shows Montags lack of change. However, following his meeting with Clarisse, Montag begins to question his own life and kick-start his own change through Bradburys word choice. After the suicide of a book lover, Bradburys references to earlier periods illustrate the importance of books in todays society. Within the rebirth stage, the river is used as a symbol to convey Montags total change. This only has the effect of emphasising the fact that the society in the novel is a utilitarian one. He follows to tell how bringing happiness to the greatest number of people does not always mean that they have the right idea. In this novel, Bradbury acts as the voice of the minority. He tells us that our individuality sets us apart from anyone else and that our diffe rences should be acted upon and not suppressed.

Utopia :: essays research papers

Education, Science, Philosophy Summary Though, as has been mentioned earlier, only certain accomplished people are allowed to give up manual labor for intellectual studies, every Utopian child receives a thorough education. The Utopians believe that it is through education that the values and dispositions of citizens are molded. The success of the Utopian educational system is evident in the fact that while most Utopians are engaged in manual labor as a career, in their free time Utopians choose to follow intellectual pursuits. Utopians conduct all of their studies in their native language. In science the Utopians are rational and accomplished. They have the same general level of understanding as Europeans in the fields of music, logic, arithmetic, and geometry. They are adept at astronomy and no one believes in astrology. They are able to predict changes in weather, though, like the Europeans, the underlying causes of these changes remain at the moment beyond their grasp. In philosophy, the Utopians are uninterested in the abstract suppositions that are the rage in Europe and which Hythloday finds empty. The foremost topic of Utopian philosophy is the nature of happiness, and the relation of happiness to pleasure. In such matters they ground their reason in religion, believing reason alone is ill equipped to handle such an investigation. Utopians believe the soul is immortal and that there exists an afterlife in which the deeds of life are rewarded or punished. They further believe that if people were skeptical of an afterlife, all intelligent people would pursue physical pleasure and ignore all higher moral laws. Belief in an afterlife means that pleasure exists only in acts of virtue, because it is these acts that will ultimately be rewarded. Utopians make a distinction between true and counterfeit pleasure. True pleasure involves any movement of body or mind in which a person takes a natural delight, such as reflecting on true knowledge, eating well, or exercising. Counterfeit pleasures are those sensations that are not naturally delightful, but that distorted desires have tricked people into believing they pleasurable.

Brave New World Essay

In the book â€Å"Brave New World† the advancement of science that is concerned is not affected by the lead character, John the Savage. Instead it is the advancement of science itself. It is show to affects individuals and it is show to be used against humanity which frightens alienated guests that are in a control within the plot and their ideal environment. On one hand John is interested to find out the world where his roots come from. However what he sees he doesn’t understand because it is not how he imagined it would be. On the other hand the heroine of â€Å"Heroes and Villains†, Marianne, adapts to new primitive society quite well however her compressed emotions would not show her actual joy and delight to someone less intellectual. This gives her privilege in a barbarian society. This difference between the characters is important because it shows how individuals can change the environment around them regardless of their position and status in society. Angela Carter must have used this idea to make a female leader because of her personal beliefs; bearing a feminist attitude. She is interested in creating magic realism. However Huxley on the other hand presents an unsuccessful male individual who attempts to change the world. Unsuccessful in his pursuit, he demonstrates a character that may convey a resulted view that the writer obtained due to the time when novel was written. Huxley came from a highly educated family of scientist and had knowledge about future technological advances. After authors trip to America he was concerned about wastefulness of American society. He didn’t like how American people spent their spare time in worthless things and did not try to improve their intellect. Therefore his opinion developed to believing that â€Å"Nowhere, perhaps, is there so little conversation†¦ It is all movement and noise†¦ †. Experience in the United States made him pessimistic about the cultural future of Europe. He said: â€Å"The thing which is happening in America is a revaluation of values, a radical alteration of established standards. † Advancement of technology, science, and psychology can change humans into a kind of standardized beings, if control over their genes was possible, as it was described in â€Å"Brave New World†. If Government morals would reach certain level they would be capable of performing these changes now. World is getting closer to a position where these things can be achieved. It is important to understand this and prevent this from happening. Huxley intention seems to be to pass this message over to people and to make readers recognise what the minority can do. Also people might have had small hope for a happy future at the time of this crisis of upcoming war, so attitude must have been quite cynical. This is effectively presented in the novel by Huxley which is also not long before the government notices exotic infection of individualism which causes John the Savage to elimination imperfection from society. This seems to be the only option for controllers which insures civilisation continues to existence. After Bernard Marx discovers John, he uses him to improve his reputation in his society because he is so desperate to be popular and to fit with others. Because John is a loner in the reservation he is very excited about escaping. However John is very idealistic character that becomes a loner in both societies that lives in his own Shakespeare’s tale based world. ‘O brave new world! ‘ It was a challenge, a command†, this quote originally fromMiranda’s speech in Shakespeare’s â€Å"The Tempest†, Act V, Scene I. John’s understanding of everything is quite old fashioned but his character is sympathetic for the readers, because it must be quite hard for our society to change believes and adapt to rules like â€Å"Every one belongs to every one else†. The heroine in â€Å"Heroes and Villains† presented to the reader from her childhood when her characteristics started to develop. After series of unfortunate events in Marianne’s life her life seems to make no sense to her and she seeks for adventures and excitement. Marianne’s father comments to Marianne’s attitude that her escape from boring professor society may lead to danger, â€Å"opposite of boredom is chaos†. This is ironic because this quote predicts future events. But Marianne is a very brave and strong character. She is not afraid. Series of incidents like being bit by a snake or even being raped by an individual whose life she saved on many occasions doesn’t bring her to tears. Her bizarre morals and unique mind-set wouldn’t let her act in a normal way, because she wouldn’t be special any longer. In Huxley’s dystopia world, everyone in Brave new world use the drug that helps to keep people from experiencing stress and all other negative emotions. Also this is the way to prevent all the conflicts. Pain, stress, grief, humiliation and disappointment are very unique emotions but it does come up occasionally due to technological flaws that are caused by an accident. Lenina is another character that got isolated and withdrawn from her original society and moved unintentionally to the reservation. She soon experienced all the differences and difficulties in new environment. She had no access to the drug that she was dependent on. â€Å"A gramme is better than a damn. † Her immune system weakened and her organism was affected. She gained weight, plus abuse of alcohol probably affected her brain as well as other organs too. The books title, â€Å"Heroes and Villains†, portrays the role of labelled characters in creating the social perception of difference and conditioning children to hate the other. It comes from the name of the game that Professors’ children play. The Co plays imaginative character roles of heroic Soldiers who always win over evil Barbarians. It is ironic, that Marianne refuses to play the game, but also questions the rules of the game by denying permanent victory of professor’s soldiers as well as rejecting the idea of good and bad, when she says that she does not know â€Å"which is which any more, nor who is who†. While in brave new world there are five strict social classes with special characteristics created for specific reasons to perform different types of work as well as specific intelligence level and suitable colouring cloths to be easily identifiable by others. Children are conditioned to like what they are and to hate to be someone else from the other class using Pavlov’s technique of classical conditioning. Techniques like using electric shock to make children dislike roses that represent nature the powerful farce of imagination and ideas as well as book the source of knowledge, which must be limited for performance of specific semi skilled job.

Cholera Epidemic

Cholera Epidemic Epidemics have played an important role in modern European history. In particular, epidemic diseases have been a frequently repeated feature of human history up to the present day. A classic example of such a disease in Europe during the 1800s is cholera. This disease caused profuse diarrhea, severe dehydration, collapse, and often death. As cholera travelled throughout towns and cities, it took advantage of overcrowded housing conditions, poor hygiene and insanitary water- supplies.Studies suggested that these conditions might almost have been designed for it. Furthermore, cholera affected the poor more than the well-off and the rich due to lack of sanitary attention. This led to the Judgement of the poor and how people blamed them for causing the disease of cholera. However, when it spread to the middle classes, they needed to address a different cause for cholera. Cholera spread in a series of a waves or pandemics. The disease made isolated appearances in Europe a nd was regarded as the classic epidemic disease of the nineteenth century.Still, three major questions are to be addressed about cholera. First, was the psychological and social impact of cholera powerful enough to enable he absolute numbers of people affected and was its impact minor compared to tuberculosis? Second, did cholera epidemics play a part in the major political disruptions of the nineteenth century? Thirdly, did people blame the state for outbreaks of cholera, and did this lead to any changes in state policy from country to country?In terms of its spread, the cholera bacillus enters the body through the mouth and the digestive system. The subsequent symptoms include massive vomiting and diarrhea. Cholera was shocking to the nineteenth century; it was considered a disease that came from the â€Å"uncivilized† east. To address the first question, cholera seemed to affect healthy adults Just as much as, or even more than, it affected they young and old, the sickly a nd the weak.Cholera affected the poor more than the rich, â€Å"and the widespread middle class view that the poor only had themselves to blame was hardly calculated to mollify the apprehensions of the poor. â€Å"l In addition, the â€Å"undeserving† poor were the most affected because the poor did not have access to clean water and sanitization while the well-off or the rich did. In turn, the poor could easily interpret the immunity of the bourgeoisie as evidence of unfairness on the art of the rich to reduce the burden of poverty by killing off the main victims.Clear evidence of the social distribution of the disease is difficult to say, but the â€Å"distribution of cholera obviously to some extent reflected whether or not a local water-supply nad been contaminated†¦ proximity to intected water was i tselt at least in part socially determined†¦ â€Å"2 It was sad to see that the poor were blamed for the cause of the disease because it is unfair to the poor s ince they cannot afford to have better sanitization. Statistics suggested that while it could and did affect the well-off nd the rich, its impact on the poor was disproportionately high in most epidemics like cholera.Because of their wealth, the rich could flee from outbreaks with ease and their occupations did not have to deal with contact with contaminated water and with their employment of servants. Moreover, their toilet facilities were maintained well. One could see the differential impact of cholera between the rich and the poor which worsened social tensions. The poor suffered because of overcrowding and poor sanitation, and because they could not employ servants to take necessary hygienic recautions. However, they are not the one to blame for the cause of the cholera epidemic.According to Sir Edwin Chadwick, â€Å"various forms of epidemic, endemic, and other disease caused, or aggravated, or propagated chiefly amongst the laboring classes by atmospheric impurities produced by decomposing animal and vegetable substances, by damp and filth, and close and overcrowded dwellings prevail amongst the population†¦ â€Å"3 However, there are solutions to the circumstances mentioned. The removal of drainage, proper cleansing, better ventilation, and alternative ways of ecreasing contamination can help people live a better sanitized life.The main cause, however, is the defective supplies of water. If clean water could be supplied throughout the cities and towns, epidemics like cholera would not have to happen wiping out at least half of the victims. Such a simple request can make the place a better one. Additionally, Chadwick mentioned how the annual loss of life from filth and bad ventilation are greater than the loss from death or wounds in any wars. I think that it is unfortunate that so many people die from grimy living conditions; if only the imple requests were Just to be granted, then it would be a win-win situation.The expense of public drainage, of supplies of water laid on in houses, and improved cleansing would be a huge gain and it would ultimately decrease sickness. Chadwick makes a great point stating, â€Å"the removal of noxious physical circumstances, and the promotion of civic, household, and personal cleanliness, are necessary to the improvement of the moral condition of the population; for that sound morality and refinement in manners and health are not long found coexistent with filthy habits amongst any class of the community. Chadwick claims that these adverse conditions of the laboring class tends to produce adults who abandon all of life's decencies and indulge in habits of degradation and demoralization. This statement is somewhat agreeable because I do believe that horrible living conditions and shortened life spans would lead many to migrate. However, it does not mean that it is inevitable because people from this background can choose to live morally if they want. To address the second question, there i s little doubt that cholera epidemics tend to occur at moments ot crisis in European history.

Hamstrings and Hamstringing

Hamstrings and Hamstringing Hamstrings and Hamstringing Hamstrings and Hamstringing By Maeve Maddox A frequent injury among athletes is that of the hamstring: Dixon suffers hamstring injury Stewart suffers Hamstring injury Brandon Johnson suffers hamstring injury According to the orthopedics article at About.com, The hamstring muscle is a group of large, powerful muscles that span the back of the thigh, from the lower pelvis to the back of the shin bone. The hamstring is the important muscle that functions to extend the hip joint and flex the knee joint. In horses and other large four-footed animals, The hamstrings are a group of three muscles that go from the very top back of [the leg] to the stifle [The joint at the junction of the hind leg and the body that corresponds anatomically to the knee in man]. The hamstrings’ primary action is to extend the hip. They also aid in lateral movement and kicking. Like human athletes, horses can suffer hamstring injuries. If they’re not too severe, the horse can be treated. In severe cases, the animal is destroyed. As a verb to hamstring means to cut the hamstring muscles in order to lame or disable a person or an animal. Hamstringing one’s enemy or captured animals goes way back. Bible heroes Joshua and David practiced hamstringing: Joshua did to them as the LORD had directed: He hamstrung their horses and burned their chariots. Joshua 11:9 (New International Version) David captured a thousand of his chariots, seven thousand charioteers and twenty thousand foot soldiers. He hamstrung all but a hundred of the chariot horses. 2Samuel 8:4 (New International Version) About 800 years later, during a battle between Romans and Carthaginians in 216 BCE, fleeing Romans were hamstrung as they ran. The Carthaginians concentrated on the Romans who were still fighting and went back later to kill the crippled soldiers at their leisure. According to this quotation found on many forums, hamstringing is being used as a tactic of war in Zimbabwe: The latest atrocities, as seen on CNN, are mutilations committed by the dissidents to serve as a warning to farmers not to return. Dogs are hung alive from hooks on farm gates, childrens pet ponies are having one of their front hooves chopped off and cows and sheep are being hamstrung. Used figuratively, to hamstring means â€Å"To disable as if by hamstringing; to cripple, destroy the activity or efficiency of.† Fortunately, it’s this figurative use that is seen most frequently: Hamstrung by Bobby Kennedys laws against interstate traffic in gambling, the illegal horse parlor is vanishing The regulators are hamstrung. NZ farmers hamstrung by world economy Citigroup Shares Hamstrung Since Report Hamstrung by stodgy storytelling Hamstrung by a crisis of leadership Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Math or Maths?Round vs. Around30 Words Invented by Shakespeare

Victim's Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Victim's Movement - Essay Example Laws like Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) established the Office for Victims of Crime (OVC), the Victims’ Bill of Rights in 1990, Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 which includes the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) and the subsequent Constitutional Amendment in 1996, were passed by government and promoted. Universities also expanded and established victim-related courses with the U.S. Department of Justice sponsoring the first National Victim Assistance Academy in 1995 (Wallace and Roberson, 2010). Undeniably, the movement succeeded, but an increase in crime rate and severity of crimes today need more educated and trained professionals for support and intervention. One goal the movement should strive for in the next ten years is to develop a plan to maximize government and the universities’ support with regard to intervention. Next, establish permanent information exchange with universities, regarding the changing needs of victims, modus operandi of criminals based on victims’ stories, and other information which may help universities update and improve victim services curriculum, aimed at skills and competency improvement of students when they graduate and practice. Lastly, an organization composed of representatives from the US Attorney’s office, FBI, military and other federal agencies, university and leaders of the different organizations involved in victims assistance and intervention, doctors, psychologists and psychiatrists and other such profession als need to be established. The organization shall serve as a coordinating body dealing with data and information on changing needs of victims and modus operandi of criminals. From the data, the organization can come up with a standardized manual dealing on victim assistance and intervention. All the goals mentioned above will surely make a big difference in

Increase in Economic Growth does not Necessarily Lead to an Increase Essay

Increase in Economic Growth does not Necessarily Lead to an Increase in Human Well-Being - Essay Example There are many definitions to the term economic growth; however, economists agree that economic growth refers to the growth in goods and services that a country produces over a period of time; this growth is measured in gross domestic product (GDP) (La Grandville, 2011, p536). GDP includes the goods and services that a country produces, that is to mean the personal expenditure of the people in the country added to the government expenditure and the net exports, which is the value of exports minus imports (Contanza, Hart, Posner and Talberth, 2009, 3). There have been various concerns by economists of how well GDP measures the well-being of individuals in a country with most of them arguing for differentiation between economic growth and economic well-being. This paper will therefore analyse critically the claim that an increase in levels of economic growth does not necessarily translate to increase in the well-being of individuals. The idea of well being of an individual can be eithe r objective or subjective. In the objective well-being, individuals use material goods that are measurable such as buying a new house or car among other material gains. However, economic growth is not usually associated with improved material well being because some of the factors that cause the economic growth also cause negative impacts in the society such as exploitation, environmental degradation or unequal spread of the wealth. GDP as a measure of well being of individuals’ measure the value of intermediate goods, which are not enjoyed by people rather they are used to produce other goods and services. In addition, the exclusion of military expenditure from GDP since there is no measurable output undermines the improvement in the quality of life that people enjoy due to military operations to secure the boarders of a country hence reducing criminal activities (D’acci, 2011, 49). The subjective well being of is the state of happiness that is usually brought about b y the enjoyment of the material wealth. In most of the instances, the subjective well-being, which is the psychological utility of the good that an individual has, is used to measure the variations in the objective well being of the individual. Research has found out that in some instances even with improves material wealth of a country, the happiness levels do not improve , however this claim has been refuted as in most instances the wealthier a country becomes the happier the residents are as wealth leads to increased levels of expressed happiness (Oswald ,1997, 1815). In addition, the levels of happiness that an increase in material wealth brings are usually attached to the social expectations and aspirations. Therefore even if economic growth increased the material wealth of an individual, the economic standards benchmark will rise, the individual will therefore remain at the same position or be worse off relative to the new economic standards and expectations which in return do es not making him any happier. In addition, the increase in employment that is brought about by economic growth does not necessarily lead to increased well being of an individual (Kenny, 1999, 6). Research conducted by the international labour organisation has showed that over 40% of workers are classified as poor, this happens when the employment increases without accompanying increase in productivity of each worker, it has been confirmed in East Asian countries such as Vietnam where increased levels of productivity among employees have led to reduction in poverty levels in the country. The idea that economic growth d